European stocks closed collectively lower, with Germany's DAX30 index falling by 0.73%.

European stocks closed collectively lower. The Euro Stoxx 50 index fell by 0.47%, the UK's FTSE 100 index dropped by 0.05%, France's CAC 40 index declined by 0.31%, Germany's DAX 30 index fell by 0.73%, and Italy's FTSE MIB index dropped by 0.91%.